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Progress of our civilization with an explosive rise in world population has led to an enormously increased consumption of resources and to an equal threat to the environment. Coping with these problems requires all intellectual abilities of our society. In this endeavor, biotechnology is considered to play a significant role. The objective of the present book is to provide a concise overview on the state-of-the-art of the manufacture of this valuable commodity which can be utilized in various fields of applications. Biotechnologists as well as other people engaged in considering alternative ways of the sustainable use of renewable resources will find information and useful examples. In Part I, written by Thomas Senn and Hans Joachim Pieper, University of Hohenheim, Germany, displays the present knowledge of modern distillery technology as carried out in most European countries, using mainly common starch-containing feedstocks. Needless to say that the latest developments of raw materials processing and fermentation technology, particularly considering the difficult energy economics, are covered. Part II, written by Nairn Kosaric, University of Western Ontario, London, Canada, and Fazilet Vardar-Sukan, Ege University of Izmir, Turkey, a wealth of information regarding the use and processing of mainly unconventional raw materials is provided, and special applications are treated, particularly emphasizing the economic and ecological constraints. Case studies and various calculation examples are presented to enable the reader to become familiar with the various considerations to be taken into account, if alcohol be produced for different applications such as fuel or as a commodity in the chemical industry. Special attention is directed to the case of motor fuel additions and the respective implications.