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For many years, the OECD has been a focal point for the development of risk assessment procedures and the assessment of biotechnology’s potential to contribute to industrial sustainability. An OECD task force which continued the work on sustainable biotechnology has become aware of other comparative analyses in this field not necessarily based on LCA principles. The task force established a project to bring together as wide a range of these assessments as possible, in order to provide examples of how companies have approached the problem of making choices. Its aim was to examine the data-collecting and decision-making steps employed by the companies when adopting or rejecting biotechnological processes in cases where they have (or have not) replaced more conventional physico-chemical ones. This publication brings together a wide range of case studies in order to show how companies have implemented biotechnological processes and the means they have used to assess benefits in terms of cost and sustainability. The case studies were analysed to extract key messages, and, to make comparisons easier, they are presented in as uniform a format as possible. The report is intended for two key constituencies, senior managers in industry and government policy makers. As industrial managers become more aware of what their colleagues have achieved, they may be encouraged to explore the possibilities of biotechnology; government policy makers may use the report as a basis for policy guidelines or for national programmes to underpin the expansion of industrial biotechnology. The Application of Biotechnology to Industrial Sustainability divided into 5 chapters and 21 case studies. those chapters are: Chapters 1 - Background and Aims Chapters 2 - Industrial Uses of Biotechnology Chapters 3 - Alternative Techniques of Analysis Chapters 4 - Lessons from the Case Studies Chapters 5 - Key Issues and Conclusions