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Encyclopedias have a history dating to ancient times. Encyclopedias are designed to offer comprehensive, well-organized, integrative, interthematic, and intensively cross-referenced presentations in depth. showing the relevance of the social and behavioral sciences for questions of application and social policy,that the time had come for the social and behavioral sciences to present themselves as contributors to the public good, beyond their role as intellectual partners in science and scholarship striving for: (a) secure knowledge, realizing that security of knowledge is a dynamic and relative term (b) knowledge with balance and comprehensiveness (c) knowledge that is integrative rather than fragmented (d) knowledge that places the evidence into historical and theoretical context (e) knowledge that highlights connections between topics and fields (f) knowledge that combines, where possible, theory and practice. To be of maximum educative value to readers, an entry should include the following ingredients: • A clear definition of the concept, idea, topic, area of research, or subdiscipline that constitutes the title of the entry (e.g., the definition of alienation or intelligence). • The intellectual context of its invention or rise as a problematic concept or area of study in the discipline or disciplines in which it has received attention. In other words, what considerations have made it important (e.g., in the case of alienation, the Marxian theory of capitalist organization of technology and work; in the case of intelligence, the institutional contexts such as schools in which psychometric assessment of intelligence evolved). • Changes in focus or emphasis over time, including the names of the most important theorists and researchers in these transitions. This account should give the reader an idea of the history of the concept or topic (e.g., the transformation of alienation from a specific, technical term in Marxian theory into a general social-psychological concept important in industrial sociology, industrial psychology, and other subfields; or the enrichment of the concept of psychometric intelligence by methods and processes associated with cognitive and developmental psychology). • Emphases in current theory and research. The author should trace major developments and empirical results, changes of direction of research, falling off of interest, as well as special salience in certain traditions (e.g., alienation in the analysis of the internalization of the labor process), or in certain regions of the world (e.g., alienation in sociology and political science in newly developing countries); or rejection of the concept of intelligence as an index of talent, as well as the differentiation of intelligence into its factual and procedural knowledge parts to reflect the impact of culture and cultural variation. • Methodological issues or problems that are evident in research on the concept, topic, or area of study. • Probable future directions of theory and research, insofar as the author can determine and is confident in predicting them.