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Human Physiology: The Mechanism of Body Function is to present the fundamental principles and facts of human physiology in a format that is suitable for undergraduate students, regardless of academic backgrounds or fields of study: liberal arts, biology, nursing, pharmacy, or other allied health professions. The book is also suitable for dental students, and many medical students have also used previous editions to lay the foundation for the more detailed coverage they receive in their courses. the book progresses from the cell to the body, utilizing information and principles developed previously at each level of complexity.As a result of new research or in response to suggestions by our colleagues, many topics have either been significantly altered or added for the first time in this edition; the following is a partial list of these topics. Chapter 1 Introductory section: “The Scope of Human Physiology” Chapter 2 New figures: Hemoglobin molecule, DNA double helix base pairings, purine-pyrimidine hydrogen bond pairings Chapter 3 Cholesterol in membrane function ,Procedures for studying cell organelles ,Endosomes,Peroxisomes Chapter 5 Mitochondrial DNA,Preinitiation complex,Factors altering the activity of specific cell proteins,Protein delivery and entry into mitochondria,Regulation of cell division at checkpoints in mitotic cycle Chapter 6 Patch clamping,Primary active-transport mechanisms,Digitalis and inhibition of Na,K-ATPase,Cystic fibrosis chloride channel,Endocytosis New figures illustrating transporter conformational changes Chapter 7 Paracrine/autocrine agents,Melatonin and brain pacemakers Receptors as tyrosine kinases and guanylyl cyclase,JAK kinases and eceptors Phospholipase, diacylglycerol, and inositol trisphosphate,Calcium-induced calcium release,Receptor inactivation Chapter 8 Regeneration of neurons,Comparison of voltage-gated sodium and potassium channels,Information on neurotransmitters,Functional anatomy of the central nervous system Chapter 9 Pain Olfaction Chapter 10 Diagnosis of the site of a hormone abnormality Chapter 11 Passive elastic properties and role of titan,Factors causing fatigue,Role of nitric oxide in relaxing smooth muscle Chapter 12 Cortical control of motor behavior Parkinson’s disease,Effect of the corticospinal pathways on local-level,neurons,Walking Chapter 13 Electroencephalogram Sleep,Binding problem,Emotions,Schizophrenia,Serotonin-specific reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs),Learning and memory, and their neural bases Chapter 14 Erythropoietin mechanism of action,Anti-angiogenic factors in treatment of cancer Capillary filtration coefficient, Shock Static exercise and blood pressure Aging and heart rate,Drug therapy for hypertension, heart failure, and coronary artery disease Dysfunctional endothelium in atherosclerosis Homocysteine, folate, and vitamin E in atherosclerosis Coronary stents,Nitric oxide and peripheral veins,Platelet receptors for fibrinogen,Therapy of stroke with t-PA Chapter 15 Pulmonary vessels and gravitational/physical forces Hemoglobin cooperativity,Carbon monoxide and oxygen carriage Emphysema Chapter 16 Mesangial cells and glomerular filtration coefficient Channels, transporters, and genetic renal diseases,Micturition, including role of sympathetic neurons,Aquaporins,Medullary circulation and urinary concentration,Pressure natriuresis,Calcitonin,Bisphosphonates and osteoporosis Chapter 17 Colipase and fat digestion,HCl secretion and inhibitory role of somatostatin,Intestinal fluid secretion and absorption Chapter 18 Inhibition of glucagon secretion by insulin Roles of HDL and LDL IGF-I and fetal growth IGF-II,Mechanism of calorigenic effect of thyroid hormones,Leptin effects on hypothalamus and anterior pituitary, Overweight and obesity,Fever and neural pathways from liver,Endogenous cryogens Chapter 19 Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA)Viagra (mechanism of action) Therapy of prostate cancer with blockers of dihydrotestosterone formation Mechanism of dominant follicle selection and function Mechanism of corpus luteum regression,Estrogen effect in males,Cause of premenstrual tension, syndrome, and dysphoric disorder,Estrogen, learning, and Alzheimer’s disease,Oxytocin and sperm transport,Parturition and placental corticotropin releasing hormone,Postcoital contraception,Lack of crossing-over in X and Y chromosomes,ACTH and onset of puberty,Leptin and onset of puberty,Tamoxifen and selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs) Chapter 20 Carbohydrates and lipids as nonspecific markers on foreign cells C-reactive protein and other nonspecific opsonins,Apoptosis of immune cells Mechanism by which diversity arises in lymphocytes,Tumor necrosis factor and lymphocyte activation, Roles of acute phase proteins, Mechanisms of immune tolerance,Psychological stress and disease